In the mid-1960s, 70 African Americans were serving as elected officials in the South, while by the turn of the century there were some 5,000. regulating railroad rates to help farmers. Ranchers employed cowhands to tend their cattle and drive herds to market. The case went to the Supreme Court, where Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the majority eventually ruled that Scott was an enslaved person and not a citizen, and thus had no legal rights to sue. Which factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile? By asserting that the equal protection clause was not violated as long as reasonably equal conditions were provided to both groups, the Court established the separate but equal doctrine that would thereafter be used for assessing the constitutionality of racial segregation laws. I like a little competition, but I like combination more." Between 1860 and 1890, the miles of railroad track interlacing the U.S. increased ninefoldfrom 30,000 miles to 270,000 miles, and the population leapt from 31,000,000 to over 76,000,000 people. Estimates of the number of participants in the Million Man March ranged from 400,000 to more than 1 million, and its success spurred the organization of a Million Woman March, which took place in 1997 in Philadelphia. During World War II, many African Americans were ready to fight for what President Franklin D. Roosevelt called the Four Freedomsfreedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from feareven while they themselves lacked those freedoms at home. -Andrew Carnegie, 1889 They were established as a step toward legal freedoms for African Americans. C) In the 1850s, many free African Americans from the north became ranchers. The Southern Pacific Railroad contributed to the growth of cities including San Francisco and Los Angeles. When I ran for the Congress, when I ran for president, I met more discrimination as a woman than for being Black. Their growing influence greatly dismayed many white southerners, who felt control slipping ever further away from them. C)rushed to join the Union army. George Washington Carver, another formerly enslaved man and the head of Tuskegees agriculture department, helped liberate the South from its reliance on cotton by convincing farmers to plant peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes in order to rejuvenate the exhausted soil. As a young man, Jesse Jackson left his studies at the Chicago Theological Seminary to join Martin Luther King Jr.s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in its crusade for Black civil rights in the South; when King was assassinated in Memphis in April 1968, Jackson was at his side. In early 1965, Martin Luther King Jr.s Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) made Selma, Alabama, the focus of its efforts to register Black voters in the South. Draw a line under the subject. . We believe that the power of governmentin other words, of the peopleshould be expanded . After nine years in the Air Force, Meredith had studied at the allBlack Jackson State College and applied repeatedly to Ole Miss with no success. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. A. (1 point) A) During the Civil War, many African Americans went west to work on railroads. Also in 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, college students in Oakland, California, founded the Black Panther Party. A wave of race riotsparticularly one in Springfield, Illinois in 1908lent a sense of urgency to the Niagara Movement and its supporters, who in 1909 joined their agenda with that of a new permanent civil rights organization, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). How did the transcontinental railroads impact the West? His invention of air brakes made railroad travel safer and faster. They increased the personal freedoms of enslaved African Americans. The University of California at Davis, for example, designated 16 percent of its medical schools admissions spots for minority applicants. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Congress outlawed the import of new enslaved people in 1808, but the enslaved population in the U.S. nearly tripled over the next 50 years, and by 1860 it had reached nearly 4 million, with more than half living in the cottonproducing states of the South. The one was to consider myself as a manufacturer of dry plates and to perfect them as an end in itself. By 1940, peanuts had become the second cash crop in the South. Samuel Gompers, 1912 The laws required that, A. In August 1831, Nat Turner struck fear into the hearts of white Southerners by leading the only effective slave rebellion in U.S. history. Carl Iwasaki/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images. Though it was difficult to enforce from state to state, especially with the growth of abolitionist feeling in the North, the law helped enshrine and legitimize slavery as an enduring American institution. Aside from celebrated accomplishments like these, overall gains were slow, and maintaining high morale among black forces was difficult due to the continued discrimination they faced. Found guilty, King immediately appealed the decision. She claimed she never expected to win the nomination. C.Emancipation Proclamation Harris' election represented another advance in the slow but steady progress Black Americans have made in recent decades in gaining a greater foothold in political leadership, particularly in the U.S. House of Representatives and in the Cabinets of recent presidents. Caught on videotape by an onlooker and broadcast around the world, the beating inspired widespread outrage in the citys African American community, who had long condemned the racial profiling and abuse its members suffered at the hands of the police force. The expansion of major rail lines linking the West and the East enabled people and supplies to move cheaply. Library of Congress A? b. C. They increased an owners control over enslaved African, A. A)boarded trains for the West. gave equal voting rights to all abolished slavery *** ended the use of poll tax outlawed school segregation 3. From 1950 to 1980, the total Black population in Americas urban centers increased from 6.1 million to 15.3 million; during this same time period, white Americans steadily moved out of the cities into the suburbs, taking with them many of the employment opportunities Black people needed. Though many protesters were arrested for trespassing, disorderly conduct or disturbing the peace, their actions made an immediate impact, forcing Woolworthsamong other establishmentsto change their segregationist policies. The white protective societies that arose during this periodthe largest of which was the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)sought to disenfranchise Black voters by using voter suppression and intimidation as well as more extreme violence. The ILGWU became a key member of the AFL. His son, Jesse L. Jackson Jr., won election to the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois in 1995. It is cold and we have no blankets. The one was to consider myself as a manufacturer of dry plates and to perfect them as an end in itself. B) After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. 2. In the lead-up to the read more, Black History Month is an annual celebration of achievements by African Americans and a time for recognizing their central role in U.S. history. Building rail lines created thousands of jobs. By that time, the U.S. governments war on drugs had sent a disproportionate number of African Americans to prison, and by 2000, more Black men were incarcerated than in college. With the passing of the 13th, A. African Americans tend to be underrepresented in special education programs. What was one effect of the Haymarket Riot? After the American Revolution, many colonists (particularly in the North, where slavery was relatively unimportant to the economy) began to link the oppression of enslaved Africans to their own oppression by the British. Ghost towns were left behind after the mines stopped producing. The quotation supports Morgan's practice of. The main reason for the attack on the tribes under Sitting Bull was to, force the Lakota and Cheyenne back onto their reservations. Lakota leaders such as Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse rejected the reservation system. Those effortsincluding a nationwide protest of D.W. Griffiths silent film Birth of a Nation (1915), which glorified white supremacy and the Ku Klux Klanwould continue into the 1920s, playing a crucial role in drastically reducing the number of lynchings carried out in the United States. How did the Radical Republican Reconstruction plan affect life in South Carolina? The campaign for African American rightsusually referred to as the civil rights movement or the freedom movementwent forward in the 1940s and '50s in persistent and deliberate steps. On May 26, 2020, the day after Floyds death, protestors in Minneapolis took to the streets to protest Floyds killing. A series of deaths of Black Americans at the hands of police officers continued to spark outrage and protests, including Eric Garner in New York City, Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri, Tamir Rice in Cleveland Ohio and Freddie Gray in Baltimore, Maryland. the defeat of American Indian peoples by United States troops, Some American Indian people on the Great Plains lived in buildings like those shown here because. The Plains Indians' reaction to the Sand Creek Massacre ultimately resulted in. [It] is evident [obvious] that the state, and if necessary the nation, has got to possess the right of supervision and control as regards the great corporations which are its creatures; particularly as regards the great business combinations [corporations] which derive [develop] a portion of their importance from the existence of some monopolistic tendency [desire for no competition]. After Allan Bakke, a white California man, applied twice without success, he sued U.C. The act encouraged American Indians to become farmers. Alabamas governor, George Wallace, was a notorious opponent of desegregation, and the local county sheriff had led a steadfast opposition to Black voter registration drives: Only 2 percent of Selmas eligible Black voters had managed to register. Nevada became a state in 1864; Colorado in 1876; North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington in 1889; Idaho and Wyoming in 1890. One of its most eloquent voices was William Lloyd Garrison, a crusading journalist from Massachusetts, who founded the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator in 1831 and became known as the most radical of Americas antislavery activists. What event in the history of the West in the late 1800s prompted Chief Joseph to give his famous speech? A.regretfullb Although railroads caused certain problems, they also made possible the rapid growth of industry after 1865. Which idea does this passage express? Birmingham had become a leading focus of the civil rights movement by the spring of 1963 when Martin Luther King Jr. was arrested there while leading supporters of his Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in a nonviolent campaign of demonstrations against segregation. 3. Which of the following can best be inferred from looking at this map? How was the tragedy at Wounded Knee related to the Ghost Dance? The decision was also difficult to enforce, a fact that became increasingly clear in May 1955 when the Court remanded the case to the courts of origin due to their proximity to local conditions and urged a prompt and reasonable start toward full compliance. Though some southern schools moved towards integration relatively without incident, in other casesnotably in Arkansas and Alabamaenforcing Brown would require federal intervention. A MASS MOVEMENT NORTH. Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own. Many Black people looked to Booker T. Washington, the author of the bestselling Up From Slavery (1900), as an inspiration. Black Power was a form of both self-definition and self-defense for African Americans; it called on them to stop looking to the institutions of white Americawhich were believed to be inherently racistand act for themselves, by themselves, to seize the gains they desired, including better jobs, housing and education. In January 2021, Kamala Harris became the first woman and first woman of color to become vice president of the United States. When Meredith arrived at Ole Miss under the protection of federal forces including U.S. marshals, a mob of more than 2,000 people formed on the Oxford, Mississippi campus. To capitalize on the sit-in movements increasing momentum, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was founded in Raleigh, North Carolina in April 1960. C. The laws provided African Americans with voting rights. The cotton gin was widely copied, and within a few years the South would transition from a dependence on the cultivation of tobacco to that of cotton. In this excerpt, Terence Powderly is trying to separate the Knights of Labor from the actions of anarchists in, In the text, you read this about the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union: By freeing some 3 million enslaved people in the rebel states, the Emancipation Proclamation deprived the Confederacy of the bulk of its labor forces and put international public opinion strongly on the Union side. New methods were found to prevent African Americans from voting. Let Your People Speak Five days after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September, he issued a preliminary emancipation proclamation; on January 1, 1863, he made it official that enslaved people within any State, or designated part of a State in rebellion, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. Lincoln justified his decision as a wartime measure, and as such he did not go so far as to free enslaved people in the border states loyal to the Union, an omission that angered many abolitionists. Specifically, it banned literacy tests as a requirement for voting, mandated federal oversight of voter registration in areas where tests had previously been used and gave the U.S. attorney general the duty of challenging the use of poll taxes for state and local elections. . As the outspoken public voice of the Black Muslim faith, Malcolm challenged the mainstream civil rights movement and the nonviolent pursuit of integration championed by Martin Luther King Jr. Miners sweated in dusty mine shafts digging coal to fuel railroad engines. Which practice does Roosevelt advocate in the excerpt? In April 2021, Chauvinwas convicted of second-degree unintentional murder, third-degree murder and second-degree manslaughter. W.E.B. As she later explained: I had been pushed as far as I could stand to be pushed. Which of the following MOST helped railroads improve their efficiency? Does Mukherjee want us to see her as being totally insensitive? What event or characteristic of the Industrial Revolution does this painting illustrate? Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the success of the long-running sitcom The Cosby Showfeaturing popular comedian Bill Cosby as the doctor patriarch of a close-knit middle-class African American familyhelped redefine the image of Black characters on mainstream American television. D. They kept the cattle moving and rounded up strays. C.The Emancipation Proclamation 2. Pew Research.The Path to Eric Garners death. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? Although the Supreme Court declared segregation of public schools illegal in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the decision was extremely difficult to enforce, as 11 southern states enacted resolutions interfering with, nullifying or protesting school desegregation. The last leader to appear was the Baptist preacher Martin Luther King Jr. of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), who spoke eloquently of the struggle facing Black Americans and the need for continued action and nonviolent resistance. In the years immediately following the Revolutionary War, the rural Souththe region where slavery had taken the strongest hold in North Americafaced an economic crisis. In Mississippi alone, the percentage of eligible Black voters registered to vote increased from 5 percent in 1960 to nearly 60 percent in 1968. Just as Browns courage turned thousands of previously indifferent northerners against slavery, his violent actions convinced slave owners in the South beyond doubt that abolitionists would go to any lengths to destroy the "peculiar institution. Rumors spread of other planned insurrections, and the South reverted to a semi-war status. On the day of the Senate vote, however, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis. As Reconstruction drew to a close and the forces of white supremacy regained control from carpetbaggers (northerners who moved South) and freed Black people, Southern state legislatures began enacting the first segregation laws, known as the Jim Crow laws. Which Reconstruction-era political group came from the North to the South to influence politics? In February 2007, just months after he became only the third African American elected to the U.S. Senate since Reconstruction, Obama announced his candidacy for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination. The hashtag #BlackLivesMatter first appeared on Twitter on July 13, 2013, and spread widely as high-profile cases involving the deaths of Black civilians provoked renewed outrage. The years immediately following the construction of the transcontinental railroad were years of astounding growth for the United States. The New Yorker.The Hashtag Black Lives Matter. His groundbreaking achievement transcended sports, and as soon as he signed the contract with Rickey, Robinson became one of the most visible African Americans in the country, and a figure that Black people could look to as a source of pride, inspiration and hope. In mid-September, white supremacists bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama during Sunday services; four young African American girls were killed in the explosion. "I Will Fight No More Forever": Chief Joseph As its members faced increased violence, SNCC became more militant, and by the late 1960s it was advocating the Black Power philosophy of Stokely Carmichael (SNCCs chairman from 196667) and his successor, H. Rap Brown. READ MORE:Voting Rights in the United States: Timeline. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, this frustration fueled the rise of the Black Power movement. Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? A? West Virginia, carried wounded crew members to safety and manned a machine gun post, shooting down several Japanese planes. By 1877, when the last federal soldiers left the South and Reconstruction drew to a close, Black Americans had seen dishearteningly little improvement in their economic and social status, and what political gains they had made had been wiped away by the vigorous efforts of white supremacist forces throughout the region. by economic cooperation and joint political action. In March 1991, officers with the California Highway Patrol attempted to pull an African American man named Rodney King over for speeding on a Los Angeles freeway. Steelworkers turned millions of tons of iron into steel for tracks and engines. Later that year, Governor George Wallace blocked the enrollment of a Black student at the University of Alabama, pledging to stand in the schoolhouse door. Though Wallace was eventually forced by the federalized National Guard to integrate the university, he became a prominent symbol of the ongoing resistance to desegregation nearly a decade after Brown v. Board of Education. Chauvin was filmed kneeling on Floyds neck for more than eight minutes. Some cowhands dreamed of setting aside enough money to start a herd of their own. There cant be liberation for half a race, declared Margaret Sloan, one of the women behind the National Black Feminist Organization, founded in 1973. Though she failed to win a primary, Chisholm received more than 150 votes at the Democratic National Convention. C - yes On May 17, 1876, Lieutenant Colonel Custer led the 750 men of the 7th United States Cavalry Regiment out of Fort Abraham Lincoln, Dakota Territory. What factor most likely caused a decline in Grange membership? D)started getting paid by planters. That year, John F. Kennedy made passage of new civil rights legislation part of his presidential campaign platform; he won more than 70 percent of the African American vote. What factor best accounts for the price change in the Model T automobile? Why might recent events have led to many African Americans working for ranchers? which policies might have made the Dawes Act more successful? As his success and fame grew, Robinson began speaking out publicly for Black equality. A - no. Celebrated for her ability to talk candidly about a wide range of issues, Winfrey spun her talk show success into a one-woman empireincluding acting, film and television production and publishing. The New York Times.Timeline of Murder Trial of Amber Guyger. Choose the verb in parentheses that agrees with the subject, and write it in the blank. On the strength of his Rainbow/PUSH Coalition, he placed third in the primaries, propelled by a surge of Black voter participation. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. There remains, then, only one mode of using great fortunesUnder its sway we shall have an ideal state, in which the surplus wealth of the few will become, in the best sense, the property of the many, because administered for the common good, and this wealth, passing through the hands of the few, can be made a much more potent force for the elevation of our race than if it had been distributed in small sums to the people themselves. In 1900, garment workers organized the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union (ILGWU). By the mid 1970s, many universities were seeking to increase the presence of minority and female faculty and students on their campuses. In October 1967, an all-white jury found seven of the defendants guilty and acquitted the other nine. Blues singer Bessie Smith, pianist Jelly Roll Morton, bandleader Louis Armstrong, composer Duke Ellington, dancer Josephine Baker and actor Paul Robeson were among the leading entertainment talents of the Harlem Renaissance, while Paul Laurence Dunbar, James Weldon Johnson, Claude McKay, Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were some of its most eloquent writers. The couple was then given a choice: spend 25 years in prison or leave Virginia. After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. B) After the end of slavery, African Americans could move and find new work. On December 1, 1955, an African American woman named Rosa Parks was riding a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama when the driver told her to give up her seat to a white man. A white California man, applied twice without success, he placed third in the 1800s! 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