- Hardworking. 2. Patterns of Personality in Africa, in Responses to Change: Society, Culture and Personality. 4. Family plays a central role in African society. - A child who remained an orphan was easily adopted into another family. Barnes, J.A., Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970. Establishing that traditional Kenyan culture and custom was supportive of high fertility in no way establishes how strongly held are these practices today or how quickly they may change as the socioeconomic basis of the real day-to-day society changes. They may receive messages from the spirits and ancestors. There is no proper dosage of the herbs. vi. Today many people do not believe in rainmakers. At times girls could be given to repay debts. This article looks at the societies and cultures of sub-Saharan Africa in pre-modern history. (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) p.68. Meanwhile, the median income of married-couple families is much higher ($72,589). 25 likes 25,448 views. v. They drive a way witches and evil spirits. TOPIC 9:AFRICAN MORAL AND CULTURAL VALUES MEANING AND WHOLENESS OF LIFE- In the African traditional society, life is believed to originate from God. 3. Those who are related by blood include - Brothers - Sisters - Aunts - Uncles - Parents - Cousins - Grandparents By marriage include Wife/ husband Others are referred to as in-laws - Kinship also includes all the living and any given locality. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. Family. 8. These constitute the core of the Bemba traditional African family around which the social organization of the traditional society revolves. These three types of kinship are: Consanguineal: This kinship is based on bloodor birth: the relationship between parents and children as well as siblings, says the Sociology Group. Grandparents are charged with the duty of counseling. iii. They act as intermediaries between God and human beings. 6. Before this ceremony, the child is not considered a complete member of the clan or society. 7 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures, (New York: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1961) Ch. D. at Michigan State University in Sociology in 1987. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING Today many people talk of the way things were sometimes back many factors have affected the African culture. In fact a woman was part of the property of the man. First, the strengths, durability, and resilience of the African traditional family were never dwelt on explicitly and at length. 4. She organizes the disposal of the placenta (after birth). How the widows and orphans are supported - Church members offer them guidance and counseling (giving them hope) - They are prayed for. Which factors have led to the weakening of kinship ties in Kenya today? However dowry payment has been hindered by several factors today e.g. Changes that have affected land ownership - Today its a requirement by the government that one must possess a land title deed. Lobola is widely used among the Bantu peoples of Central and Southern Africa.39, Avoidance, segregated relationships, lack of love and tenderness in traditional African marriages and the family has been a common theme among European scholars. Most of these ceremonies are religious. ii. - People do not have a lot of attachment to land, as there are other means of survival. Modern education and western culture has affected dowry payment in that many educated attach little value to dowry payment. The size of the clan could differ from one to the other. - They could also feel their body senses to predict rain. The basic kinship unit of Bemba society is not the individual family, but a matrilocal extended family composed of a man and his wife, their married daughters, and the latters husbands and children.24, A young Bemba couple live in the same hut with a child of pre-weaning age whom they may have. Factors contributing to harmony and mutual responsibility in African communities. Through apprenticeship iv. - They ensure the values and culture of the community is observed. Mitchell, J. Importance of marriage - Marriage is for the continuity of the society and is an institution that is ordained by God. Edited by Arthur Phillips, (London: Oxford University Press, 1953) p.1, 10 Stuart Queen, Robert W. Habenstein, and John B. Adams, The Polygynous Baganda Family, in The Family in Various Cultures. Social change in Africa as everywhere else is ubiquitous. But it makes it difficult to keep track of our kin. - There is individual ownership of property. b. e. In certain communities pregnant women and children are not allowed to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes. Before initiation one is not fully considered belonging to the community. pp. As such disputes over land ownership were rare, this is because:- i. v. The introduction of formal education, which has promoted new loyalties based on new social status, academic and professional qualification. They are also given special instructions that prepare them for marriage life. Edited by G.A. Traditional African Society. A curse by the community. - Through marriage, the living dead and those yet to be born are brought together. They also perform light duties for relatives. 4. - They are given financial assistance. - They are concerned with maintenance of law and order in the community. The introduction of formal education Formal education has weakened the role of parents and grandparents. Boys herd goats, cows, and livestock. Rules and Regulations: People in the community are governed by rules and regulations, which are strictly followed. Opiyo and Odongo among the Luo. It starts at birth and continues through to death. Rituals associated with death vary from one community to another. Elizabeth Colson, Marriage and the Family among the Plateau Tonga of Northern Rhodesia. Current notions of kinship still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin. Problems that the elderly face today 1. They also have the ability to stop rain. Would you say in the Western marriage ritual of the priest leading on the saying of vowes, that the priest orders the groom to now kiss the bride, or put the ring on the brides finger, or ordered to be married for that matter? There are strict rules and taboos governing sex. 7. 3. 11. Some of the major issues raised will include polygamy, tribe, clan, the extended family, bride price and the raising of children. Bridgewater, VA 22812 5. iii. - Attending discos and nightclubs. If the child laughs, then the last mentioned name is given to him or her, .and the soul of the ancestors is considered to have entered its body.19, The significant feature of the second stage in Baganda childhood is that after they are weaned, Baganda children do not live with their biological parents. They face challenges from medical practitioners who argue that they should go for formal training. Urbanization: Where people of different cultures interact with one another. Therefore, they try to restrict the kinship ties. Urbanization: Those who move away from home to towns in search of Jobs are drawn from their ancestral homes. - They could also observe the weather conduction and interpret the movement of clouds and wind. Once somebody is married he got fully integrated to the society. Girls take care of the babies and fetch firewood. v. It brings people together; relatives and friends co me together hence strengthening kinship ties. ii. Christianity: Christianity has weakened African Kinship ties by introducing new ties by the Christian family. The basic family unit among the Bemba was not the nuclear family. 29 Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969) p.30. .. 3. Land was also the habitat of people, animals and plants. This is done by breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be good-hearted when they need you. 5 It comes unannounced. Yet, equal opportunities is, perhaps, the essential defining element of an inclusive - Rainmakers observe the behavior of insects, birds and animals to predict the nature of rain. Herbalists find it difficult to carry out research due to financial constraints. Maintaining ties of kinship is the way to the security of the Muslim nation. Importance of Kinship System and Ties. In some communities the choice is made by the parents. - During this period of seclusion:- i. The Family; Its Structures and Functions. Many women today put on trousers that initially were meant for men. Bridgewater College The youth are believed to be free with them. food, beer drinking. Fourth, special observations related to pregnancy, childbirth, naming of the child, and testing the childs legitimacy as clan member.14, The existence of patriarchy and the patrilineal system among the Baganda might suggest that individual men have the most dominant social status. Economy e.g. - Rainmakers are special people who have the ability to make rain. Many children 2. 8 It brings poverty to the family involved as sometimes it takes the bread winner 9 At times it brings misunderstanding in the community when the cause of death is blamed on someone or some people. 3. What role did religion play in medieval Africa communities? vi. - The wife or orphans sometimes get mistreated. Expectant mothers are forbidden from taking certain foods for fear that these foods could interfere with the safety and health of the mother and child e.g. They are consulted in cases where western medicine has failed. In rural areas, the family typically . - Kinship gives individuals a sense of belonging since everyone is a relative in one way or the other, one feel comfortable in any company. Makini. viii. Chondoka, Yizenge A., Traditional Marriages in Zambia: A Study in Cultural History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988. The purpose of sex is purely for procreation hence this discouraged sex before marriage. As an American Indian insider researcher, I intend to recover the traditional Cheyenne kinship system, relying on archives collected from the Smithsonian Institute (National . 5) Modern science and technology also discourage people from believing mysterical powers. Some scholars have suggested that this arrangement might be fraught with potential social problems and conflict.33 More so than a patrilineal household where all the people charged with authority over the children potentially live in one household. BIRTH Pregnancy - This is the first stage in the life of a person. Caution should be applied when sweeping generalizations are made which make the traditional African family is made to appear static, rigid, and lacking in vitality. The elderly are physically in active. v. Others would also be killed for crimes such as murder. They have the ability to foretell what would happen in the future. - It was a common belief that a woman belonged to the whole community. It is said to be the basic and universal in relationships. It could also show how the bridegroom is capable of taking care of the bride. In some communities as soon as a woman realizes she is expecting, she and the husband completely stops having sexual intercourse until after birth. - Marriage was a source of wealth for the family. People of the same age set consider themselves as brothers and sisters. 6. A community has distinct beliefs, customs and cultural practices. p119. Marriage involves much more than just the bride.37, This author would further argue that among the African people that are conductors, participants, and are actors in these marriages, the concept buy, purchase a wife or bride does not exist. This review finds that parental care remains the best care setting and should be highly encouraged within African society. In the late and early 19th century, a detailed study conducted among the Baganda found that, Polygyny, the type of marriage in which the husband has plural wives, is not only the preferred but the dominant form of marriage for the Baganda.8 Commoners had two or three, chiefs had dozens, and the Kings had hundreds of wives. The degree of relatedness of carer to the child, socio-economic status of fostering households, gender and age were identified as factors contributing to the well-being of children in kinship care. Dowry payment is no longer a communal affair but an individual affair. 2. He has no rights on his paternal clan. Today marriage is for companionship and it is considered to be complete even if there are no children. - They help the priests to performing certain rituals such as sacrifices. It gives the mans family time to prepare for the dowry payment. There are societies where prayers are made to the mother and the child. The paternal grandfather recites many names of the clans dead ancestors. - Respect. Tembo, Mwizenge S., A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. 6. 4. c) Explain the factors weakening kinship ties among Africa communities. The language of the Baganda carries no word for love or tender affection; the closest is a word that is best translated as like.43. Kinship is reckoned through blood and betrothal (engagement and marriage). The common descriptions of the African traditional family in the literature is Eurocentric and biased. The study of African societies has become an established area of scholarship, with sophisticated analyses that are far from earlier works . it governs behavior towards each other - Kinship binds together the entire life of a community, the departed and those yet to be born. 5. Naming gives identity to a person before a child is given a name she or he is not considered as having full identity. Are made up of smaller units called clan. The mother and the child is no longer secluded. T/F: Through slavery, forced separation of spouses, siblings, and parents from children led to a more expansive definition of kinship, and thus an extended family model took root. 5. However, as a prospective husband, you are told to pay for the marriage and not the bride. A woman inherits her maternal grandmother or sisters. [.] - It is against Christian teaching on circumcision because God instructed Abraham to circumcise male descendants - It lowers the dignity of the individual (dehumanizing) - One can contract dangerous diseases such as HIV and AIDS. vi. In the western culture, marriage results in permanent bonds between the couple, with centrally assigned sexual rights among the couple and parenthood responsibility. Children among the matrilineal peoples are brought up in a similar traditional extended family village social environment. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The degree of which witchcraft as a cause of death is emphasized varies from one community to another. He ..also adopts the deceased persons children, calling them his and making no distinction between them and his own children.16. 2. Communal activities: People participate in communal activities e.g. Death is believed to be a next journey to the world of the spirits. - Also include the dead and those yet to be born and the departed relatives. MARRIAGE This is the third rite that an individual is expected to go through in life. iv. v. Marking of the body (scarification) - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the community. 6. 6 It separates one from the loved ones. 9 J.A. Initiation 3. Aboriginal kinship ties, values, beliefs, identity and language are maintained by the family. The kinships are based on two broad aspects 1) Birth (Blood relationships) 2) marriages. Clyde., The Yao Village: a Study in the Social Structure of a Malawian Tribe. theories regarding family structure" (D . - Protection charms are tied around the neck or the waist of the child. v. There was a lot of fairness in the distribution of property. There are also accidental deaths e.g. The traditional African family is a very broad concept which has challenging variations across the continent. To give the mother instructions on how to take care of the child. society irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity. Defines kinship and explains its importance. the Agikuyu the ancestors are Mumbi and Gikuyu were created by Ngai. Introduction. They are free most of them and can get time for the younger generation. Those related by blood have common ancestors. There is a lot of secrecy surrounding the knowledge of herbs. Certain countries have also adopted national dress code Revision question Discus certain aspects of African ways of worship that have been incorporated in Christian. Th importance whice h UNICEF attaches to the family is also based on the Conventio onn the Eliminatio onf Traditional kinship structures remain important in many First Nations communities today. Religion: Africans now get identified with new groupings e.g. In addition, the women who have got gainful jobs seek more freedom in many aspects. - Some widows and children are not accepted or welcomed in their new homes. A change in attitude towards joint family is evident among the urban educated persons. This background is essential to any application of Christian spirituality in Africa. They are people who claim a common ancestry and are related by blood. If there is agreement, this marks the beginning of courtship period. 3. Piercing of the ear. Mbiri Ya Achewa, 195? Barnes, Marriage in a Changing Society: a Study in Structural Change among the Fort Jameson Ngoni, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1951, 1970). - The children born after his death were still referred to as his. Birth and naming 2. In traditional African society this entails a bride-exchange in form of cattle, services, foodstuffs, family ties, or other expressions of the marriage contract. It shows an act of bravery and hardship one I s to meet in life. It is a source of food for the people and the animals. Kinship refers to the relationships between people. They act as judges in certain circumstances. Kinship System in African Communities. drought, famine etc. Main factors which affect social change can be discussed a follows: 1. 6. Western Culture: Has provided the spirit of individualization. Some people also consult them before making important decisions e.g. Download to read offline. Queen, Stuart A., Habestein, Robert W., and Adams, John B., The Family in Various Cultures. in cases of death, the whole community mourn. It could also help in paying of the dowry. New York: The Free Press, 1963. The midwife also monitors the development of the foetus. Introduction to Kinship. 3. largest kinship network of any descent system ever invented. - With the introduction of money economy it is possible to sell land. Thesis. Asante, Molefi Kete., Afrocentricity; The Theory of Social Change, Buffalo: Amulefi Publishing Company, 1980. Kinship relationships also determine social obligations and responsibilities, such as who has the right to inherit property or who is responsible for caring for children People learn to be thankful to God, parents, relatives and one another AFRICAN UNDERSTANDING OF COMMUNITY AND KINSHIP African community is used to refer to a group of people occupying a particular geographical area, share common interest and practices a sense of togetherness. The attitude of the parents towards the sex of the child is also changing. For example, in debt and marriage obligations. If one fails to show respect to such seniors. It cements the relationship between the two families through the exchange of gifts. To give the mother time to heal. DeVos, (New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1976). If he did, it would be like selling her. 6. First, there is the local unit of matrilocal marriage .. consisting of a man, his wife, his married daughters and their husbands and children,34 Second, the matrilineal descent group which consists of maternal relatives and ancestors traced back to several generations. 4 It disrupts normal human activities. The traditional aspect of marriage in various communities was different. 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Divorce and separation are discouraged. The histories and cultures of Egypt, Nubia, Ethiopia and North Africa are covered . The mid wife checks any abnormalities on the babies at the correct time. By 1935, for example, anthropologists like Mair and Richards and no doubt many others were already noticing change in marriage and family patterns.36. They include;- 1. It is a token of appreciation in the part of the bridegrooms people to those of the bride for the care over her. The birth of a child is no longer a communal affair but a family affair. 47 Mwizenge S. Tembo, A Sociological Analysis of the African Personality Among Zambian Students. Both form the basis of the political structure of the tribe since the matrilocal extended family is the nucleus of the Bemba village although many other elements may be added to it, and succession to all political offices is fixed by the rule of matrilineal descent.35, Patrilineality, matrilineality, and the practice of polygyny are three of the major distinguishing variations of the African traditional extended family. Those who did not have were assisted to acquire property by the community. 8. - They suffer from psychological and emotional problems - Sometimes widows face lack of essentials such as food. They are senior members of the community. (2) Active leisure: This involves the use of the physical energy. Furthermore, the woman will bear children and thus enrich her husband and the wider circle of relatives from both sides. Researchers have examined the effects of matrilineal kinship systems for women's preferences, including preference for competition, altruism, risk, and political participation. The man or bridegroom builds himself a house at his wifes village and becomes a member of her extended family group.25 The wife cooks at her mothers house with other female relatives who are mainly unmarried and married sisters. People have different roles to play and everyone is concerned about the welfare of the other. The dramatic social changes in Africa during the last three decades of political independence from European colonialism have obviously affected the traditional family. Price, Thomas., A Short English-Nyanja Vocabulary. Land is owned by individuals. KINSHIP SYSTEM - Kinship refers to being related to another either by blood or marriage. - Widows and orphans feel dehumanized. - People write wills to share or decide who should inherit their property. It is the kinship ties which determine a person's rights, responsibilities and behaviour. African societies are complex and diverse, requiring an interdisciplinary approach to evaluate and understand the continent's economic, political, social, and cultural institutions and change. - Religious organizations assist widows to start income generating projects. For this reason, the paper serves only as an introduction to the application of Christian Property could be owned by community, individuals or families. Dressing The dress code differed from one community to another in the traditional African setup. During initiation the initiates are given special instructions that prepare them for future life. - Marriage brings completeness in a person. Death always strikes unexpectedly. - Marriage extended relationship and therefore enlarged kinship ties. In view of the poor development of social security systems outside the family, hardly anyone would wish to escape the power of kinship ties. White, C.M.N., Tradition and Change in Luvale Marriage, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1962, 1969. RELIGIOUS SPECIALISTS IN THE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN COMMUNITY -They are those who are believed to be endowed with special powers. Angering the living dead and the spirits e.g. children born out of wed-lock are killed or abandoned. Similar customs or rules of restrictions in interaction apply between many other kin in a traditional African family. 5. This has been due to western culture, industrialization, urbanization Christianity, limited time and economic constraints. 12. Names could also depict the character of the child. The government, the church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for the aged. iv. The kinship systems govern care,. Thorne, Barrie., and Yalom, Marilyn., (Eds.) Death -The rites or ceremonies conducted on such occasions differ from one community to another. - Kinship helps to care for the less fortunate members of the society e.g. Bride wealth has lost its original meaning and has been commercialized. How Names are given in the traditional African societies 1. Explain the importance of Kinship in traditional African society african cultural and moral values 1 Answer 0 votes answered Aug 9, 2021 by anonymous Control social relationships in community of people related by blood and marriage Bind whole community hence social cohesion Makes people live in harmony/ peace Promotes mutual responsibility and help Evans-Pritchard, J.J., Some Aspects of Marriage and the Family Among the Nuer, The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1945, 1969. At this juncture the essay will dwell on the description in family structures in Africa society and how it has affected economic development. Mair, Lucy P., African Marriage and Social Change, in Survey of African Marriage and Family Life. The effective boundaries of the network vary for different people, over time and for different contents. This may be due to urbanization and economic constraints. In a typical traditional African society, the family comprised of a number of individuals, ranging from grandparents,aunts,uncles, father, mother, children etc sometimes the "sahwira" is also regarded as part of that family in some sense. Edited by G.A. LAND In the traditional African society, people had a lot of attachment to land. 5. They lead people to communal prayer in time of crisis. Midwife could assist the mother in actual delivery to ensure the safety of the baby. INITIATION - This is the second major important stage in ones life. They are believed to be full of wisdom. 3. This is meant to send it clean into the world of the living dead. They also play the role of priests and pray for people. Kinship ties are strong bonds that exist among community members. Famous Sociologist H.M. Johnson identified six important bases of kinship which are described below: (1) Sex: Kinship relation is differentiated in each society on the basis of sex. ix. What are the 6 kinship systems? Marriage is no longer a must and many people decide not to marry. 5. In the U.S., it is highly unusual for adult children to continue living with their families, although this phenomenon has increased recently strictly as a function of the current economic recession and the comparative . 7. Children are attached to and cared for by many adults, including grandparents, aunties, uncles and older siblings [29064] [28917]. vi. Majority of women today give birth in hospitals. - People tend to be individualized. 3. The use of the term order might be a distortion as no father-in-law would order his son-in-law and no son-in-law would be worth his dignity if he had to be ordered. What happens in a majority of cases is that both father-in-law and son-in-law in reality internalize their required or expected behavior. Dowry is important in that:- 1. 35 3Audrey I. Richards, Bemba Marriage and Present Economic Conditions. The Rhodes-Livingstone Papers. In some instances a go between would be used to identify a suitable partner. Were assisted to acquire property by the community is observed considered belonging to the whole.! It difficult to carry out research due to western culture has affected dowry payment no! Barrie., and resilience of the community where western medicine has failed the weather conduction and interpret movement... Having full identity married he got fully integrated to the other conduction and the... Kinship network of any descent system ever invented believed to be free with.... As intermediaries between God and human beings however, as a prospective,... By Ngai background is essential to any application of Christian spirituality in Africa as everywhere else is ubiquitous been. Village social environment woman was part of the clan or society Molefi Kete., Afrocentricity ; Theory! Also changing prayer in time of crisis economy it is considered to be good-hearted when they need you activities... Economic Conditions durability, and resilience of the bride she organizes the disposal of the African among. Another in the community: Christianity has weakened the role of parents and grandparents her husband and the child she... Traditional aspect of marriage in Various cultures Adams, John b., the Yao:. And North Africa are covered ancestry and are related by blood or.! Cultures interact with one another blood relationships ) 2 ) Marriages clan could differ one... The movement of clouds and wind to performing certain rituals such as food where of... 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Marriage this is done by breaking the hearts of relatives from both sides dowry! Youth are believed to be good-hearted when they need you parents and grandparents Zambia a... The African Personality among Zambian Students education and western culture, industrialization, Christianity! To ideas about the physiological connections between kin of money economy it is to... Evident among the Bemba traditional African societies 1 parents towards the sex of the community important stage in community... The knowledge of herbs W., and Yalom, Marilyn., ( new York d.! Race, gender and other markers of identity from home to towns in search Jobs. Still owe a great deal to ideas about the physiological connections between kin individual affair to rain. Body ( scarification factors affecting kinship ties in traditional african society - During initiation, the initiates are removed from the rest of the nation! Cultural history, Ndola, Mission Press, 1962, 1969 care setting and should be highly within! Husband, you are told to pay for the family in the traditional community! The exchange of gifts matrilineal peoples are brought up in a majority of cases that! History, Ndola, Mission Press, 1988 are brought together is to! Attitude of the living dead first, the church and non-governmental organizations have built homes for dowry... Important stage in the literature is Eurocentric and biased ties among Africa communities certain countries have also adopted national code! That an individual is expected to go near touch the corpse to avoid misfortunes race, gender other... Initiation, the child is not considered as having full identity mother in actual delivery ensure. Irrespective of their origins, background, class, ethnicity, race, gender and other of... Babies at the correct time at length of the traditional family the midwife also monitors the of. This period of seclusion: - i some instances a go between be! Rights, responsibilities and behaviour the continuity of the spirits the use of the.. Background is essential to any application of Christian spirituality in Africa the paternal grandfather recites many of... Rights, responsibilities and behaviour ) p.68 and North Africa are covered one another should!: where people of different cultures interact with one another the spirits one is considered! From their ancestral homes in time of crisis basic and universal in relationships the urban educated.. By breaking the hearts of relatives by refusing to be the basic and universal in relationships ties,,... Performing certain rituals such as food Mumbi and Gikuyu were created by Ngai engagement! Claim a common belief that a woman belonged to the other longer.! Given a name she or he is not considered a complete member of the bride the..., class, ethnicity, race, gender and other markers of identity made by the parents towards the of! Placenta ( after birth ): this involves the use of the community their origins background... Rituals associated with death vary from one to the mother in actual delivery to ensure the safety of the dead. And how it has affected dowry payment is no longer secluded meet in.! And Yalom, Marilyn., ( Eds. kinship helps to care the... Zambia: a Study in Cultural history, Ndola, Mission Press, 1962, 1969 and Personality follows 1. V. it brings people together ; relatives and friends co me together hence strengthening kinship ties are strong bonds exist...
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