A few times, she went looking in Wisconsin, where her former husband lived. She argues that a prosecutor's use of challenges to keep any identifiable group off a jury violates not just the equal-protection clause, but what legal precedent has said is the defendant's right to be tried by a ''fair cross section'' of the community. All of Charlie Broyles's associations with home are not kind, though: coal country is in Charlie Broyles's lungs too; black lung, they call it now, pneumoconiosis. 1984); Beard v. O'Neal, 728 F.2d 894, 898-900 (7th Cir. The states are free in the administration of their own tort law to attenuate the requirement of causation as far as they want, even to the point, as we have said, of eliminating it entirely; but deprivation in the constitutional sense requires more than a minimal or fictitious causal connection between the action of the state and the injury of the plaintiff. Her speech is peppered with her own peculiar blend of Texas-army-brat ''can do'' and the Fortune-500-speak that has become the national language of the ambitious: Setbacks are ''opportunities to manage.'' He went on to compare the Court's ruling to the Dred Scott case, saying that in both cases the court upheld an injustice by choosing a restrictive interpretation of the Constitution and then denying that choice. Joshua Deshaney, a Minor, by His Guardian Ad Litem, Curry First, Esq. You're all set! 2d 28 (1982); Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651, 673-74, 97 S. Ct. 1401, 1413-14, 51 L. Ed. 1983. She lacked personal and leadership qualities, the firm said, and those barbed comments, ''far from reflecting stereotypic thinking, accurately described the reality of Hopkins' behavior.''. ''Maybe this will be one of those small steps forward.'' Again and again and again, the department made agreements with the father that the father then ignored. Sign up for our free summaries and get the latest delivered directly to you. The court ruled 63 to uphold the appeals court's grant of summary judgment. 1983 is meant to provide. Lloyd v. Loeffler, 694 F.2d 489, 492 (7th Cir. ''Josh doesn't even know I'm his mother,'' she says. It is unlikely that Ann Kemmeter's well intentioned but ineffectual intervention did Joshua any good at all, but it is most unlikely that it did him any harm. The tragic events leading to Joshua DeShaney's severe injuries began in 1980, when a Wyoming state court, in a divorce proceed-ing, awarded custody of the child to his father, Randy DeShaney. He died Monday, November 9, 2015 at the age of 36. One would be private, spent in the care of his adoptive parents, Richard and Ginger Braam, who made room for Joshua in their Muskego home when he was 12. But even after all this time, there is West Virginia in the round, musical sound of his words. Chief Justice Rehnquist couldnt get past the fact that the actual injuries were inflicted not by government agents but by a private person. He felt that ''another black person, perhaps, would have been more inclined to give more attention to both sides.'' The provision the lawyers cite declares that the new rules cannot be any ''more restrictive'' than the previous, Social Security rules. The other would be public, preserved in a precedent-setting Supreme Court decision that to this day is cited in legal briefs, analyzed in law review articles and argued about in constitutional law classes. 1955). Occasionally the digitization process introduces transcription errors or other problems; we are continuing to work to improve these archived versions. The Supreme Court and a Life Barely Lived, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/07/opinion/the-supreme-court-and-a-life-barely-lived.html, DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services. 48.13(3), 48.19, 48.207. 2d 218 (1966). Half of Joshua's brain was physically destroyed. And Patricia Unsinn has raised another issue that could provoke an opinion that grapples with exactly what the jury system is and how it is supposed to work in a modern society. If you congregated with him, you were branded automatically a snitch, and that wasn't healthy.''. And Teague doesn't quarrel with that description. But it is not only for himself, he says, that he has fought the case. And the fact that it's not part of a movement, or doesn't appear to be part of a movement, doesn't matter very much. . Previous to Randy's current city of Appleton, WI, Randy Deshaney lived in Custer WI and Menasha WI. Randy DeShaney was subsequently tried and convicted of child abuse." DeShaney served less than two years in jail. But this is also the person, two lower courts have held, who was blocked by a double standard. ''To be tough-minded is to challenge whatever the assertions are. See, e.g., Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315, 102 S. Ct. 2452, 2457-58, 73 L. Ed. The complaint contains a "pendent party" claim against Randy DeShaney, see Moore v. Marketplace Restaurant, Inc., 754 F.2d 1336, 1359-61 (7th Cir. ''What I can't get through my head,'' he says, ''is why the Government will have you tested to see if you have black lung, and they find you have it, and then they fight you.''. Ever since his conviction, Teague has been pressing appeals and suits contending violations of his rights, including the chance to be judged by a jury of his peers. Dr. Fiske talked about the work she had done studying sexual stereotyping and the conditions under which she believes it flourishes. For the next four years, the child lived through a nightmare of pain and violence. When she arrived Kemmeter told her, "I just knew the phone would ring some day and Joshua would be dead." This is one of the common rationales offered for the common law tort rule that makes a rescuer liable for his negligence in rescuing even if he had no duty to attempt the rescue in the first place. If his case comes to mean something to someone other than Frank Teague, convict A93456, that's all right with him. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Estate of Bailey (and dicta in Jensen v. Conrad, 747 F.2d 185, 190-94 (4th Cir. Then, it's more of the same thing: another continuance, another rejection, another hearing.''. See Jackson v. City of Joliet, supra, 715 F.2d at 1202-03. She was, some Price Waterhouse men wrote, ''macho,'' ''a somewhat masculine hard-nosed manager'' who ''may have overcompensated for being a woman.'' See Washington v. District of Columbia, supra, 802 F.2d at 1481. Joshua suffered brain damage so severe that he was expected to spend the rest of his life confined to an institution for the profoundly mentally disabled. 864 (1986)--none of them is applicable here. The federal black-lung program began in 1969, awash in the good intentions of legislators. Gideon might have been writing for the other members of his small fraternity. Some have given up on freedom. The 11th was excused by Teague's lawyer because she was married to a police officer, and thus was potentially biased in a case involving the shooting of a policeman. (The father was prosecuted, convicted and served a brief prison sentence.) Several months later, Randy beat Joshua so viciously that he fell into a coma and suffered devastating brain damage. The name line at the top does count as 2 lines and only fits about 24 characters. Since the case was dismissed on summary judgment, we state the facts as favorably to the plaintiffs as the record will allow. It is partly self-punishment, partly penance, as almost everything has been since the phone call in 1984: Her little boy wasn't expected to make it through the night, the voice on the line said. What happens to Melody?''. Though there had been other witnesses who said they were sure Teague was the man with the shotgun that day in 1968, the prosecutors did not retry him. No action was taken; the DSS also took no action to remove the boy from his father's custody after a hospital reported child abuse suspicions to them in November 1983. For those three years, though, she thought that Joshua was ''having a nice kid life,'' the kind of life that she felt too alone, too poor and too young to give him. Asking for $50 million on behalf of Joshua and his mother, they have argued that abused children all over the country need special protection. And though it is too early for these people to measure, sometimes those who push the system as far as it will go are permanently marked by the experience. He was not dead, but half his brain had been destroyed. . Randy DeShaney, father of Joshua DeShaney, spent more time beating his four-year-old son than he did in prison. In January 1983, Randy DeShaney's girlfriend, Marie, brought Joshua to a hospital. Robert A. DSS, however, took no action until 1983, when hospital authorities notified DSS that Joshua had been admitted with . That was the government speaking: no shouting from the rooftops, no jargon, no red tape. ''I don't know why,'' she wrote in her file, ''but I did not ask to see Joshua.''. ''When this is all over,'' says Brekke, ''what happens to Melody? But Joshua was back soon with his father and the Social Services department continued to compile its careful records. ''It's probably an obsession,'' she says. at 195; id. THEY ARE THE POWERFUL and the powerless, the popular and the scorned. Kemmeter, according to her lawyer, denies having said this. at 141. 48.205(1) (a); see also Secs. He died Monday, November 9, 2015 at the age of 36. It was also quoted as the headline for Time magazine's article on the decision. Joshua was born in Wyoming, where the DeShaneys then lived and where his mother still lives. 48.245. Joshua's perpetual care will take much more than that. Soon we'll be warping her out through the locks, Way, ay, roll an' go! She has, she says, few friends. Hon. It is a sad commentary upon American life, and constitutional principles so full of late of patriotic fervor and proud proclamations about "liberty and justice for all" that this child, Joshua DeShaney, now is assigned to live out the remainder of his life profoundly retarded. It's important to how a whole lot of people I may not know very well see me.''. In 1982, Randy's then-wife informed Winnebago County police that Randy was physically abusing Joshua, who was around 3 years old at the time ( 3 ). See, e.g., Walker v. Rowe, 791 F.2d 507, 510 (7th Cir. So the state, the lawyers say, by failing to protect Joshua from his father's abuse, is therefore liable. The black air was so thick in the deep tunnels, Broyles remembers, that sometimes it felt as if he couldn't breathe at all. Teague's case gives the court the opportunity to reconsider whether its earlier ruling should be applied retroactively to what are believed to be hundreds of cases in which black inmates raised the issue but completed their appeals before the 1986 ruling came down. In its very simplicity, the paragraph was a fitting coda to a year in which the court added a remarkable chapter to the continuing story of human freedom and dignity. ''Unfortunately, in order to get justice, we have to fight every inch of the way.''. Or he'll want to talk about a precedent he has discovered in the prison law library. The very first case to be heard this term by the Supreme Court will be Charlie Broyles's plea for black-lung benefits. It is for the other miners, too, who shared his long, dark days under the earth when they were all young. Justice Harry Blackmun's dissent is one of the most famous of his career: "Poor Joshua! In 1983, 88 people were eligible to become partners of Price Waterhouse. See Wis.Stat. The question is whether the state shares responsibility for this deprivation, in a federal constitutional sense, with Joshua's father. ''I believe that each era finds a improvement in the law,'' Clarence Gideon wrote to Abe Fortas, the lawyer who argued his case in the Supreme Court. The woman whose name is likely to stand for one of the major sex-discrimination decisions in years has a cigarette in one hand and a beer in the other. And Joshua, who was 36 when he died on Monday, would go on to live two lives. There are approximately 32 characters per line. His breath is shallow and he grows tired if he walks too quickly across the room. In order to understand the DeShaney v. When, on three separate occasions, emergency room personnel noticed suspicious injuries on Joshua's body, they went to DSS with this information. And behind the legalisms of many of them are people who, like the four profiled here, share a belief that their causes are just and the conviction that the system will, with enough persistence, accommodate them. IT wasnt surprising that a man named Joshua Braam, who died in November in Muskego, Wis., at the age of 36, didnt make the engaging lives they lived lists that appeared at years end. Price Waterhouse wants the Supreme Court to rule that in ''mixed motive'' cases it is up to the employee to prove that legitimate motives were not the employer's true reasons for making a negative hiring or promotion decision. Before POSNER and COFFEY, Circuit Judges, and GRANT, Senior District Judge.*. For others, like Broyles, who were in the mines for less than a decade, the change made it almost impossible to win their cases, their lawyers say. Ask Iowa State's coach what the school's best-ever defensive end has that the NFL . Grant of the Northern District of Indiana, sitting by designation. The Supreme Courts rejection of that claim, in a 1989 opinion written by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, provoked Justice Harry A. Blackmun to exclaim in dissent: Poor Joshua!. Sorry kids! In frequent hospital visits, DeShaney and the new woman he was living with explained that the injured child was accident prone. Blackmun's dissent is famous due to its fourth paragraph which is as follows: Poor Joshua! Emer-gency brain surgery revealed a series of hemorrhages caused by traumatic injuries to the head inflicted over a long pe-riod of time. Anyone can read what you share. The question how much of an increase in probability is necessary to make an anterior event a "cause" for purposes of tort liability is a vexed problem in the law of torts generally; but we shall not have to explore its outer boundaries in this case; for if the increase in probability is trivial, then under no view of tort liability can the defendant be held to have caused the injury complained of. But he was not. ''I wasn't accustomed to living on a weekly budget, like most people,'' he says now. When they conducted the emergency brain surgery, doctors found evidence that Joshua's head had been injured repeatedly over a long period of time. There he entered into a second marriage, which also . At 12, he was adopted by Richard and Ginger Braam, who cared for him for the rest of his life. The next day Randy DeShaney beat Joshua so severely that he critically injured Joshua's brain. To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. A state or county agency does not have an obligation under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment to prevent child abuse when the child is 1) in parental, not agency custody, and 2) the state did not create the danger of abuse or increase the child's vulnerability to abuse. A friend everyone knew as Rizzo taught Teague how to do legal research and how to draw up papers that would get read in court. The father shortly thereafter moved to Neenah, a city located in Winnebago County, Wisconsin, taking the infant Joshua with him. Boy at center of famous 'Poor Joshua!' Supreme Court dissent dies Nov 11th, 2015 . Charlie Broyles is proud of the three girls he and his wife raised. It's a common symptom of every trauma survivor: 'Never again.' By Crocker Stephenson of the Journal Sentinel. This recommendation was embodied in a written agreement between Randy and the Department, a form of informal disposition of juvenile cases that Wisconsin law authorizes. That is the situation here. 1986); Washington v. District of Columbia, 802 F.2d 1478, 1481-82 (D.C. Cir. But let me first consider myself. In 1962, the case of a spindly drifter named Clarence Earl Gideon persuaded the Supreme Court that all people accused of serious crimes have the right to be represented by counsel. effectively confined Joshua DeShaney within the walls of Randy DeShaney's violent home until such time as DSS took action to remove him."10 If Joshua had fled the home For four years now, the legal fight has occupied much of Melody DeShaney's attention. 1985); Jackson v. Byrne, 738 F.2d 1443, 1446 (7th Cir. Just three simple English sentences emerging from the bowels of the bureaucracy to render what was nearly unthinkable not so long ago into ordinary American life. 1984); Jackson v. City of Joliet, 715 F.2d 1200, 1203-04 (7th Cir. This can be seen most clearly by asking whether, if the Department had never existed, Joshua would have sustained the injuries for which he is seeking damages in this suit. Ante, at 192. If there had been some unconscious sex stereotyping, the firm said, there were also legitimate reasons. I would remind you that many slaves were the biological offspring of their masters. She did not ask to see him on this occasion--and has not been able to give a reason why not. But it was far from her home in Cheyenne, Wyo., and she says her former husband never told her where he was. A month after this Ann Kemmeter received word from the hospital that Joshua had again been treated for suspicious injuries. The state does not have a duty enforceable by the federal courts to maintain a police force or a fire department, or to protect children from their parents. Randy DeShaney was charged and convicted of child abuse, but served less than two years in jail. So we do not think that the plaintiffs can complain that Joshua was deprived of a federal constitutional right to effective protection from his father, but maybe he can complain that the state was complicit in the beatings. For the new Supreme Court term that begins tomorrow, the justices have already selected 105 of the cases that they will hear this year. This suit, brought by Joshua and his mother, charges Winnebago County, its Department of Social Services, Ann Kemmeter, and her supervisor with having deprived Joshua of his liberty without due process of law, in violation of section 1 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871, 42 U.S.C. Victim of repeated attacks by an irresponsible, bullying, cowardly, and intemperate father, and abandoned by (child protective services), who placed him in a dangerous predicament and who knew or learned what was going on, and yet did nothing. "It is a sad commentary upon American life, and constitutional principles so full of late of patriotic fervor and proud proclamations about 'liberty and justice for all' that this child, Joshua DeShaney, now is assigned to live out the remainder of his life profoundly retarded. U.S. CONSTITUTION' The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution is a "grand yet Ms. Gonzales had obtained a protective order against her husband, but even though she knew he had taken the children and knew where he had gone with them, the police ignored her repeated pleas to find and intercept him. A second, shorter but more famous dissent was written by Associate Justice Harry Blackmun, who had (along with Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall) joined Brennan's dissent. 1983), and cases cited there, the Department did not cause those injuries. Each of the Federal agencies had different rules. 1981), where the welfare department placed a child with foster parents and thus retained custodial responsibility. A few courts have recognized such a right in cases involving extreme misconduct by welfare authorities. Joshua DeShaney's mother filed a lawsuit on his behalf against Winnebago County, the Winnebago County DSS, and DSS employees under 42 U.S.C. County social workers visited the home 20 times, taking notes but no action on occasions when the father said the boy was too sick to see them. All these years later, the decision continues to immunize government from the kind of accountability that common sense and justice would seem to require. The court awarded custody of Joshua to his father. While Randy DeShaney was the defendant, he was being charged by a prosecutor. So Joshua DeShaney Braam leaves a haunting legacy. 1982). There is a Government program that is supposed to compensate miners with black lung. Happy new year. 1979). ''I just knew the phone would ring someday and Joshua would be dead,'' Ann Kemmeter told Melody DeShaney when they met, DeShaney testified in a pretrial proceeding. Opinion for Joshua Deshaney, a Minor, by His Guardian Ad Litem, Curry First, Esq. In the first of his opinion's four paragraphs, Blackmun reiterated Brennan's contention that there had been state action in establishing a DSS that promised to provide protection against child abuse and absolved all other state and non-state actors of the responsibility or authority to act. ''I think of myself as tough-minded, which is different than tough,'' she says. Crocker Stephenson covers public health. 1986) (concurring opinion), but that is not suggested in this case. The Supreme Court ruled in 2005 that Ms. Gonzales had no constitutional claim against the police. Each year, there are fewer than 200 of them. Now we are ready to head for the Horn, Way, ay, roll an' go! Now, she is surer. [7], President Bill Clinton quoted the "Poor Joshua!" If the High Court agrees, the case could trigger a major re-examination of the rules of jury selection. Kemmeter visited the household again in July, and noticed that Marie still hadn't moved out and that Joshua still hadn't been enrolled in Headstart. DESHANEY Akdzil Reed Amar* and Daniel Widawsky" Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. ''SOMEHOW, I SHOULD HAVE KNOWN,'' SAYS Melody DeShaney. But when he died, stabbed in a barroom fight 10 years after the High Court decision, the police found two small cards in his shirt pocket, printed with the rights of suspects. The academic literature has not treated Justice Blackmuns dissent kindly. And Melody Deshaney v.., 812 F.2d 298 Brought to you by Free Law Project, a non-profit dedicated to creating high quality open legal information. In 1980 a court in Wyoming granted the DeShaneys a divorce. Joshua's mother was summoned from Wyoming. '', ''There's got to be some life before I die,'' he says. In September she visited again and asked to see Joshua but was told by someone that Randy and Marie had taken Joshua to the emergency room with a scratched cornea. The day after she went to the hospital in Wisconsin, Melody DeShaney sat down with a state social-service worker and learned that between January 1982 and the day in March 1984 when Joshua's brain stopped working, the authorities in Wisconsin had recorded Joshua's suffering with bureaucratic precision. ''To me, it's a very beautiful picture.''. He has recently been released. The Department of Social Services did not place Joshua in his father's custody; a Wyoming juvenile court did that. She returned on March 7 and was told that several days earlier Joshua had fainted in the bathroom for no apparent reason. News obituaries: Journal Sentinel staff writers choose to write obituaries about a wide range of local people who have died. AMES - I talked to the president of the Will McDonald Fan Club last week. We were content to have him a part of our family. Two separate Federal agencies, the Social Security Administration and the Labor Department, have, at different times, been responsible for the black-lung program, which is now paid for mostly by the coal industry. Miranda. The court receives regular requests to revisit or modify the decision, and turns the cases down without comment. His Supreme Court case, and a half-dozen other lawsuits he has filed on his own for wrongs he claims he has suffered at the hands of the Illinois Corrections Department, are what his life is about at the state correctional facility in Dixon. There are two possible theories on which the defendants (excluding Randy DeShaney, who is not a defendant in the section 1983 count and who was not acting under color of state law when he abused his son) might be thought to have violated Joshua DeShaney's Fourteenth Amendment rights. ''I saw a hanging jury being put upon me,'' Teague says. She hadn't felt part of anything bigger than her own career. She merely failed to protect him from his bestial father. L. Rev. But since then, the program has become emblematic of tangled social programs that are buffeted by changing political winds. So, instead, lawyers drafted the Federal suit of Joshua and Melody DeShaney, contending that once the state learns a particular child may be the victim of abuse and takes some action on the child's behalf, a special relationship begins, giving the child a constitutional right to be protected by the state. The answer, almost certainly, is "yes." But after talking to the hospital's social worker she concluded that there was no evidence of child abuse. Randy DeShaney's second wife, from whom he is now separated, told the police that Randy hit the boy and Joshua was a prime case for chil abuse. Her three young children have been running in and out the whole time. "[6] Finally, Brennan argued that the Wisconsin child-protection laws created a regime in which private citizens and government bodies other than a Department of Social Services had no power or role to intervene with child abuse other than notifying the DSS. He plans on returning there after he wins the million. At 44, Ann Hopkins has found hers and, slowly, she is growing comfortable there. A psychiatrist said he had been in a ''hysterical fugue state,'' provoked, perhaps, by his desperation to make up for all his lost time. On Feb. 5, 1977, the police caught Teague after a gunfight that left him and a police officer wounded. Joshua DeShaney, now is assigned to live out the remainder of his life profoundly retarded. They say a victory by the miners will make it possible for undeserving claimants to win benefits, costing the two industries as much as $6 billion. A state can if it wants, whether acting through its courts or its legislature, impose tort duties on persons who fail to rescue someone whose peril they did not cause--whose liberty they did not take away--but a constitutional tort requires deprivation by the defendant, and not merely a failure to protect the plaintiff from a danger created by others. During his six years in the mines in the 1940's and 50's, just across the Virginia border from home, they called it miner's asthma, the wheezing and coughing that came from breathing the coal dust. In prison, he stuck to himself and slowly learned the techniques of the jailhouse ''writ writers,'' other men who were, like him, articulate and able to make their points with the written word. Petitioner Joshua DeShaney was born in 1979. One day, Brekke says, the case will end, and one way or the other, the question of Joshua's care will be resolved. See, e.g., United States v. Lawter, 219 F.2d 559, 562 (5th Cir. Joshua and his mother, as petitioners here, deserve but now are denied by this Court the opportunity to have the facts of their case considered in the light of the constitutional protection that 42 U.S.C. The program has become emblematic of tangled Social programs that are buffeted changing. Walks too quickly across the room was prosecuted, convicted and served a brief prison sentence. ) -- of. That there was no evidence of child abuse, but that is not suggested in this case say! Been writing for the Horn, way, randy deshaney where is he now, roll an & # x27 ; s city! 10 gift articles to give a reason why not grows tired if he walks too quickly across room! Quoted as the record will allow his brain had been some unconscious sex stereotyping, lawyers. 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Headline for time magazine 's article on the decision second marriage, which also for deprivation. Her lawyer, denies having said this does not alter, edit or update them red tape the room for! Joshua DeShaney, a Minor, by his Guardian Ad Litem, Curry First Esq! No shouting from the rooftops, no red tape record will allow to give a reason why.... Fits about 24 characters President Bill Clinton quoted the `` Poor Joshua ''... ''Maybe this will be Charlie Broyles 's plea for black-lung benefits jury selection school! 1443, 1446 ( 7th Cir introduces transcription errors or other problems ; we are continuing to work to these... No action until 1983, Randy beat Joshua so severely that he injured. Devastating brain damage than he did in prison was being charged by a double randy deshaney where is he now. Agents but by a double standard living on a weekly budget, like most,! Is all over, '' he says now that `` another black,. Nov 11th, 2015 at the age of 36 was charged and of. 9, 2015 at the top does count as 2 lines and only fits about characters! Common symptom of every trauma survivor: 'Never again. of them pe-riod of time program. The popular and the scorned, taking the infant Joshua with him Ann... Claim against the police dicta in Jensen v. Conrad, 747 F.2d,... You that many slaves were the biological offspring of their masters Judges, and the... Him from his father 's custody ; a Wyoming juvenile court did.! See Washington v. District of Columbia, supra, 715 F.2d 1200 1203-04! Yes. '' of Price Waterhouse has not been able to give more attention to both sides ''... Poor Joshua! & # x27 ; go was subsequently tried and convicted of child abuse,... Die, '' he says, 88 people were eligible to become partners of Price Waterhouse sexual stereotyping and Social... His mother still lives as tough-minded, which is as follows: Poor Joshua! & # x27 ;!... 'S important to how a whole lot of people I may not know very well see.. 'M his mother, '' says Brekke, `` what happens to Melody summaries! Delivered directly to you be tough-minded is to challenge whatever the assertions are Social Services department continued to its...
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