2015;6(2):14954. To the authors knowledge, the systematic review report on conceptual frameworks used in loneliness research [18], the meta-synthesis of loneliness in young people with depression [19], and the meta-ethnography of older adults loneliness [20] are the only such systematic reviews of qualitative literature regarding experiences of loneliness to date. His first wife was Arisbe. Then he married Hecuba. He uses frost and snow as symbols to refer to his isolation. School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast, David Keir Building, 18-30 Malone Road, Belfast, BT9 5BN, UK, Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley,Jenny M. Groarke&Rhiannon N. Turner, Department of Sociology, Durham University, 29-32 Old Elvet, Durham, DH1 3HN, UK, You can also search for this author in Lockwood C, Munn Z, Porritt K. Qualitative research synthesis: methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation. Institute JB. Heath G, Farre A, Shaw K. Parenting a child with chronic illness as they transition into adulthood: a systematic review and thematic synthesis of parents experiences. In thematic synthesis, descriptive themes which remain close to the primary studies are developed. The first of these is the theme of change, of the loss of illusions through change, and it is so closely related to the second, the loss of innocence through experience, that the two can only be examined together. A recent systematic review report [18] has explored the conceptualisations of loneliness employed in qualitative research, finding that loneliness tended to be defined as social, emotional, or existential types. In perhaps the largest study of its type, Rokach [14] analysed written accounts of 526 adults loneliest experience, specifically asking about their thoughts, feelings, and coping strategies. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180928-the-surprising-truth-about-loneliness. A second author (JG) will independently screen 50% of the titles and abstracts. New York: Department for Culture Media and Sport; 2019.. Coyle CE, Dugan E. Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh; 2016. The last book is about a father who lost his son and wishes to make an honorable funeral as the last thing he could give him. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. First of all, restate your thesis statement in a new way. He knows that being different will inevitably affect his life and his relationships with his family. Correspondence to Lewin S, Booth A, Glenton C, Munthe-Kaas H, Rashidian A, Wainwright M, et al. The thematic essay conclusion has three main objectives to complete before wrapping up the entire paper. J Soc Behav Pers. Lim MH, Rodebaugh TL, Zyphur MJ, Gleeson JF. A biography of loneliness: the history of an emotion. [15]). Experiences of loneliness: a study protocol for a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative literature, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01544-x, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20180928-the-surprising-truth-about-loneliness, https://sites.google.com/view/pearl-harvesting-search/ph-synonym-rings/structure-or-study-design/qualitative-research, https://wiki.joannabriggs.org/display/MANUAL/2.4+The+JBI+Approach+to+qualitative+synthesis, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Naturally, it causes profound emotional suffering. Ray Bradbury's 1953 novel Fahrenheit 451 addresses complex themes of censorship, freedom, and technology. Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Health, Aging, and Social Relations Study. At the final stage of analysis, higher-order analytical themes may be inferred from the descriptive themes which will offer a theoretical structure for experiences of loneliness. After the synthesis is complete, a sensitivity analysis will be undertaken in which any low-quality studies (as identified through the JBI checklist) are excluded from the analysis to assess whether the synthesis is altered when these studies are removed, in terms of any themes being lost entirely or becoming less rich or thick [42]. Using qualitative evidence in decision making for health and social interventions: an approach to assess confidence in findings from qualitative evidence syntheses (GRADE-CERQual). In the book Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, this theme of loneliness is explored extensively. An evaluation of sensitivity analyses in two case study reviews. "Love comes in all shapes and forms; it should be embraced rather than denied.". Given the aim to include studies focused on experiences of loneliness specifically, this search strategy was deemed most appropriate. Reflections on the present state of loneliness research. When you have completed the rest of this page, come back here and write your theme This quality will be considered during the development of the data synthesis. 2017;28(2):21330. A thematic statement, or thematic sentence, is an overarching message of a piece of literary work. The use of thematic synthesis will enable us to remain close to the data, offering an account which might also be useful for policy and practice in this area. Characters of Beloved prefer self-isolation and alienation from others to avoid emotional pain. This is an important point given that the review will inherently be constrained by the number of studies that exist and the focus that has primarily been given to quantitative loneliness research thus far. Loneliness matters: a theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. PMP will use the checklist to assess the quality of each study. 2010;7(7):e1000316. J Clin Epidemiol. This will allow for a more holistic understanding of the lived experience of loneliness which can inform clinicians, researchers, and policymakers working in this important area. But first, lets see how it differs from its positive counterpart: solitude. Booth A, Noyes J, Flemming K, Gerhardus A, Wahlster P, van der Wilt GJ, et al. Overcoming - fear, weakness, vice. Mary Shelleys novel Frankenstein is among the earliest depictions of loneliness in modern literature. Essay Sample Check Writing Quality. It often appears in stories of different genres and has various shades of meaning. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. Loneliness is an unpleasant emotional response to perceived isolation.Loneliness is also described as social pain - a psychological mechanism which motivates individuals to seek social connections.It is often associated with a perceived lack of connection and intimacy. PLoS Med. Weiss RS. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. As such, this systematic review will offer specific insights into lifespan experiences of loneliness. Due to its suitability for qualitative evidence synthesis, the SPIDER tool [24] was used to assist in defining the research question and eligibility criteria in line with the following criteria: Sample, Phenomenon of Interest, Design, Evaluation, Research type (see Table 1 for details of these criteria). The PRISMA statement will be followed to create a flowchart of the number of studies included and excluded at each stage of this process. PMP will also undertake abstract screening to exclude any which are found to be irrelevant or inapplicable to the inclusion criteria. Abstract words describe concepts or ideas that exist only in our minds like disillusionment, survival, oppression, cruelty, sacrifice, hubris, identity. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement [23] will inform the process of completing and reporting this planned review. Methods for the thematic synthesis of qualitative research in systematic reviews. All of the men and women the writer had ever known had become . Gregors stay in confinement is also a reflection of his broader alienation from society, resulting from his self-perception as a parasite. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Whilst associations between aloneness and loneliness have been richly demonstrated [10, 11], other research has found moderate and low correlations between social isolation and loneliness [12, 13]. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Themes can be divided into two categories: a work's thematic concept is what readers "think the work is about" and its thematic statement being "what the work says about the subject". This process will be repeated with any articles that are found to be eligible at this stage until no new eligible articles are found. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. 2018;17(1):1609406918768014. It was a real city not far from modern Canakkale (Turkey) at the mouth of the Dardanelles. Their state of mind always comes with sadness and a low self-esteem. Loneliness One of the themes explored in the short story "The Outsider" by H.P. Weiss [17] argued that whilst available definitions of loneliness may be helpful, they do not sufficiently reflect the real phenomenon of loneliness because they define it in terms of its potential causes rather than the actual experience of being lonely. for only $16.05 $11/page. In other words, alienated people dont fit their community, thus lacking a sense of belonging. Here well analyze several well-known examples: Frankenstein, Of Mice and Men, and The Metamorphosis. [15]). Psychol Aging. There are many instances throughout this book that demonstrates how discrimination against the impaired characters connects to the theme loneliness. It is imperative for research and practice that we deepen the current understanding of these experiences to inform how we approach describing, researching, and attempting to ameliorate loneliness. 2015;4(1):1. Everyone is contained in their tiny little spaces, rarely interacting with one another and yet, loneliness is rampant in the courtyard. Guys like us who work on ranches are the loneliest guys in the world, they aint got no family, they dont belong no place. Cut 20% off your first order! As a result, he feels profound loneliness. * The character Crooks becomes a broken man in Of Mice and Men through extreme racism shown by The Boss, Curley, and Curley's wife. [28, 29]). It also explores the distinction between voluntary and involuntary isolation: To learn more about the representation of loneliness and isolation in the novel, check out our article on themes in Frankenstein. Naturally, it creates discomfort and relationship problems. Newton G, Griffith A, Soundy A. She doesnt have anyone with whom she would be able to talk, aside from her husband. This is a significant gap in the field given that loneliness is, by its nature, a subjective experience. Isolation is a popular theme in poetry. PMP, JG, RT, and KY contributed to the drafting and revising of the protocol. He also misses his friends and relatives in Ingolstadt, which causes him further discomfort. The inclusion of search terms related to social isolation specifically and related terms (e.g. Article Few studies have investigated the barriers to health and well-being and potential . Moreover, test searches employing the search strategy retrieved all of seven informally identified likely eligible articles indexed in Scopus, indicating good sensitivity of the strategy. Yang K. Loneliness: a social problem. social, emotional, and existential loneliness). In the vicinity of the ranch, for example, is the town of Soledad. This is appropriate to the project time frame and background of this research team. Naturally, it causes profound emotional suffering. Here are a couple of quotes from Frankenstein directly related to the theme of isolation and loneliness: How slowly the time passes here, encompassed as I am by frost and snowI have one want which I have never yet been able to satisfy and the absence of the object of which I now feel as a most severe evil. Noblit GW, Hare RD. This inductive creation of codes should allow the content and meaning of each sentence to be captured. Whilst primary empirical studies are not themselves extensive sources, with books in particular often offering rich descriptions of loneliness (see, e.g. to study experiences of loneliness) or if loneliness experiences are clearly explored and described (e.g. Phoebe E. McKenna-Plumley. Curley's Wife Loneliness Quote 1 "I should go away and leave you alone?" Curley's Wife Loneliness Quote 2 "I never get to talk to nobody. Google Scholar. Thesis statement about technology. This systematic review and thematic synthesis will clarify how loneliness is subjectively experienced across the lifespan in the general population. In this quote, Walton expresses his loneliness and desire for company. This quote is related to Victors inability to make friends and function as a regular member of society. . In a sense, every literary work makes a statement or has a point. JG will check this extracted data for accuracy. The proposed systematic review will be reported in accordance with the reporting guidance provided in the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement [22]. Meta-ethnography: synthesizing qualitative studies (vol. 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