Frederick was a prince endowed with rare and incomparable virtues, handsome, with very sweet behavior, moderate and modest, so much so that he was loved by all and of habits opposed to his brother Duke of Calabria. King Ferrante, who for the past war of Otranto found himself tired and impoverished, did not dare to enter the war, but in the end also pushed by the will of the Duke of Calabria, resolved to help his son-in-law and daughter, with the aim also of preventing the Venetians and the Pope from increasing their territories. [12][59], After so many political events, Ferrante continued to direct the state. The Turks, after many battles, were finally forced to retreat into Otranto, where they defended themselves for a long time. [12][30], On November 16, the death of Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo, Prince of Taranto, deprived the Angevin front of its most influential boss and financier. This school founded by Ferrante was very important for the development of music in Italy but above all it determined the foundations of the nascent Neapolitan Music School. Each tower was completely filled, so that it could offer maximum passive resistance to the firing of the siege bombers . Returning to the war, finally the Prince of Rossano capitulated and through Cardinal Roverella the peace treaty was concluded with some conditions, including a new parental bond: Ferrante had to grant Giambattista Marzano, son of Marino, his own daughter Beatrice, who she was immediately sent to Sessa by her aunt Eleonora as a sign of peace. Alphonso, finding his tenure of the throne uncertain on account of the approaching invasion of Charles VIII of France and the general dissatisfaction of his subjects . [25][58] In this time almost the whole kingdom had a great shortage of food and everywhere people could be seen dying of hunger, but the providence of the King purely took notice, using every means to make the condition of his peoples less sad. In an instant the Kingdom was turned upside down: broken roads, no businesses, closed courts and every place full of confusion. All this was confirmed by the bull of Pius II, on November 2, 1458. Ferdinand became ruler of Naples after the French armies departed, leaving behind a city that had been ravaged by plague and misuse, streets filled with starving people, and an army that was lacking in manpower and especially ill-equipped to serve the Borgia family's need of a powerful military ally in their upcoming war against Catherina Sforza. He reigned for one of the longest periods in history, if we date the reign from 1759 (66 years). The heir to the throne Alfonso, commander of the Neapolitan army, was sent to war in Tuscany, where he managed to be proclaimed lord of Siena. Ferdinand, King of Naples. [12][72], Ferrante completed the construction and decoration of the Castel Nuovo using artisans of almost exclusively Italian origin such as Pietro da Milano, one of the artists called by Alfonso I, who returned with Francesco Laurana in 1465 to complete the triumphal arch and to make some busts of the royal family. The King sent Frederick who was received by the Prince and the Barons, who greeted him with signs of esteem. The death of the Duke of Milan Francesco Sforza in 1466, followed later by that of Gjergj Kastrioti, Lord of Albania, deprived Ferrante of his closest friends. Ferdinand II (Italian language: Ferdinando/Ferrante 26 August 1469 - 7 September 1496) was King of Naples from 1495 to 1496. [4], The skills of Ferrante and his diplomats, skilled in weaving alliances in order to achieve Neapolitan hegemony in the system of Italian states, the fruits of the sovereign's economic strategy with the introduction of the art of silk and printing, politics of promotion and cultural attraction, the severe exercise of power also through the repression of the conspiracy of the barons led The Kingdom of Naples, with intellectuals of the caliber of Pontano, Panormita and others, to participate as a protagonist in Humanism and the Renaissance. Ferdinand II of Naples (26 August 1469-7 September 1496) was King of Naples from 23 January 1495 to 7 September 1496, succeeding Alfonso II of Naples and preceding Frederick of Naples. [12][48], Since both John Duke of Anjou and Ren his father had died, the Pontiff pushed Charles VIII of France to send Ren Duke of Lorraine to conquer the kingdom of Naples, of which he would have invested him, as long as he was always faithful to the Holy Church. Meanwhile, Pope Sixtus upon the requisition of King Ferrante excommunicated and banned the Venetians for disturbing the peace of Italy. The death of Mohammed II and the discord that arose between two of his sons, Cem Sultan and Bayezid, each of whom demanded the empire, prompted Ariaden to understand that the help he was waiting for would come very late, so he decided to surrender to Alfonso and, after having after concluding the peace negotiations, he embarked with the troops and set out for Constantinople. [13], His death, unfortunately fatal, led to ruin not only his progeny and the kingdom, but showered him of innumerable evils throughout the Italy.[12][63]. The following day he sent ambassadors to the Pope to confirm the investiture of the kingdom, through the following letter. [34], The peace was granted although the fate of the arms had been favorable to the Aragonese, and happy circumstances, such as the internal unrest in Milan and the neutrality of Venice, authorized us to consider that as the most opportune moment for Naples to attempt the conquest of an effective dominance over Italy, in any case, the alliance with Florence of Lorenzo de' Medici proved to be advantageous for Ferrante, so much so that in 1483 Ferrante appointed Lorenzo the Magnificent Chamber of the Kingdom. It is clear that she could not be the mother of all of these, in relation both to her young age, to the short time spent at court, and to the well-known use of contraceptives that Alfonso had procured for his father from the East.[68]. Ferrante greatly protected the sciences and letters and with great royal generosity he lavished on the men who were lovers of them and granted extensive privileges and aid to poor scholars. All these celebrations were interrupted by mourning for the death of Queen Isabella, woman of numerous virtues. Alfonso's purpose was to prepare his only son, albeit illegitimate, for the role of heir to the kingdom he was conquering. A discord was generated from this claim that stopped when the Pope asked for help from Ferrante to lower the power of the sons of the counts of Anguillara, who sent him troops. Among the conditions of the treaty was that the King recognized the Roman Church, paying him the usual income, as well as the chinea, and stopped harassing the barons. In 1475, Pope Sixtus in a Bull exempted Ferrante from having pay the census, but for the investiture to send him a well-trimmed white horse every year; thus the use of the chinea was introduced to Saint Peter. The Turkish danger was, explicitly, the basis of the royal decision to adequately fortify Brindisi. He became the King of Naples after Alfonso's abdication; the future of his kingdom . Tap into Getty Images' global scale, data-driven insights, and network of more than 340,000 creators to create content exclusively for your brand. The leaders and authors of this conspiracy were Francesco Coppola, Count of Sarno and Antonello Petrucci secretary of the King. [13], King Ferdinand the Catholic, having understood that Ferrante had disobeyed the pact, began to complain to him, taking the pretext of conquering the kingdom of Naples. While the Turks were still barricaded in Otranto, in February 1481, Ferrante d'Aragona ordered the start of work for the construction of a fortress to guard the port of Brindisi: the Ferrante tower. This culture also showed more accessible outside of court, spreading the ' literacy among the nobility and encouraging the growth of a popular literature that finds its best example in the Rookie of Masuccio Salerno.[62]. The Pope then urged Charles VIII to invade the kingdom, however Ferrante with a new treaty averted the threat. The Aragonese wall of Naples, in fact, was begun under his reign, in June 1484. [12][67] Ferrante surrounded Naples with walls towards the eastern side and reduced the walls erected by Giovanna II from the Dogana del Sale to the Corregge road into a larger form . Neapolitan painting of the early seventeenth century is characterized by dramatic expression, emphatic naturalism, and intense chiaroscuro derived from the profound influence of Caravaggio (1571-1610), who spent a number of his later years in the port city. The confiscation of the lands of the rebel barons transformed the balance of power between the crown and the nobility of the kingdom. He kept them in a private black museum, dressed in the clothes that they had worn in life. In June 1452 King Alfonso ordered to declare war on the Florentines, at the request of the Republic of Venice, to divert them from the help they gave to Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan; for which he sent his son Ferrante with six thousand horses and twenty thousand foot soldiers. These, gathered in Melfi for the wedding between Ippolita Sanseverino and Troiano Caracciolo, son of Giovanni Duca di Melfi, sent a messenger to Pope Innocent to ask for help and the Pope gladly accepted the undertaking. In the spring of 1464 John of Anjou, having seen himself isolated and defeated, left with two galleys for Provence. His coming was so effective that he made his enemies wary of attacking him.[12][29]. Ferdinand II, (born June 26, 1467, Naples [Italy]died Oct. 5, 1496, Naples), prince of Capua, duke of Calabria, and king of Naples (1495-96), who recovered his kingdom from French occupation. Ordo. Some time ago King Ferdinand was going from Rome to Naples; his son was with him. In short, he influenced the prince with great ardor, so much so that each baron believed that Frederick would not refuse the gift; but this prince who had neither ambition, nor immoderate thirst to dominate, but only virtue, after having thanked for the offer, very placidly replied that if by granting him the kingdom he had been under their control, he would have gladly accepted the gift, but Not being able to take possession of the kingdom, if not violating all the laws, the paternal will and the reason of his brother, he refused. The meeting between Don Ferrante and Saint Francesco of Paola, Government after twenty years of prosperity, Second conspiracy of the barons (1485-1486), ferrante_of_naples_the_statecraft_of_a_renaissance_prince. [12], On 28 August 1454 he entered Naples, where he was received under a very rich baldachin with infinite joy by all the citizens. The Convent was built with next to it, a church dedicated to San Luigi, called the church of San Luigi di Palazzo, for a chapel that existed at the time and dedicated to this saint. In 1806 Naples, King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is frowned upon by the people, especially the comic theatrical Pulcinella, who continually delivers hard sermons, earning a reputation among the Neapolitans. Alfonso on 9 September 1438 created Ferrante a knight on the Maddaloni field where Ren of Anjou-Valois, challenged to battle, did not appear. The duchy of Milan Galeazzo Maria sforza in March 1470 allied himself with Louis XI of France, effectively invalidating the league with Florence and Naples. Completely Italianized, he surrounded himself with numerous artists and humanists, completed the paternal building works in the city of Naples and erected new impressive buildings that still adorn it today. The King of Hungary, brother-in-law of the Duke, sent 1700 soldiers and 300 Hungarian horses and the Pope sent a cardinal with 22 Genoese galleys. In fact, Calixtus aimed to usurp the crown from Ferrante, and grant it to his own nephew, Pedro Luis de Borja, newly installed as Duke of Spoleto. [34], In 1470 Ferrante was one of the first to introduce into Italy the printing press,[12] recruiting with high salaries Arnold of Brussels, Sixtus Riessinger and Iodoco Havenstein. Also known as Ferrante, Ferdinand was born in Valencia, Spain, as the illegitimate son of Alfonso V the Magnanimous, the king of Aragon who also ruled in Naples. His father was old and senile, leaving himself as the effective ruler of Naples. By this means, the King sent his son Federico with fifty galleys to the sea of Ancona to damage the lands of the Venetians. Ferdinand I of Naples should not be confused with Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, a later king of Naples. Nor is the increase and promotion of the fine arts and cultural life less innovative. In 1460, he was defeated at the Sarno by John II, Duke of Lorraine, and he was nearly captured. Pope Innocent terrified by the preparations for war, not seeing the appearance of Ren Duke of Lorraine invited by him to conquer the kingdom, asked for help from the Venetian who were powerful in Italy at the time, promising him that, after the conquest of the kingdom, he would offer him good part of that, but the Venetians did not accept the offer and still neutrally tried to support both the Pope and the King, suitably for their own interests. The King got the better of them and before his troops arrived he managed to wound them and put them to flight. [25][55], Alfonso cleared himself and Ferrante did too, but in vain. Ferrante's alliances rested mainly on the Sforza of Milan and the Este of Modena and Ferrara. [12][20], Ferrante, relieved of the Pope's death, immediately sent Francesco II Del Balzo, Duke of Andria , and Antonio d'Alessandro, famous Jurisconsult, to ask for the investiture of the new Pope and to render him obedience. The castle was completed in 1492, as can be seen from the engraving of a walled plaque on the "Porta Paterna" together with the Aragonese coat of arms quartered with the tripartite of Angi family: "Ferdinandus Rex Divi Alphonsi Filius Divi Ferdinandi Nepos Aragonius Arcem Ha(n)c Vetustate Collabente(m) Ad Im(pe)tus Tormentorum Substine(n)dos Quae (Ni)mio Feruntur Spiritu In Ampliorem Firmioremq(ue) Formam Restituit Millesimo CCCCLXXXXII". The most important attack was the Torricella bite: Marino Marzano deceived the Catalan Gregorio Coreglia, who had been Ferrante's tutor, confiding in him that he wanted to make peace with the sovereign and ask for his grace. [73] Likewise in the first one on the right is represented the King who valiantly puts the conspirators to flight with the verses: "HOS REX MARTIPOTENS ANIMOSIOR HECTORE CLARO / SENSIT VT INSIDIAS ENSE MICANTE FVGAT". When the other conspirators learned what Alfonso had done, fearing that he would do the same with their fiefs, they openly began to arm themselves and revolt. Ferdinand (1751-1825), son of Charles III of Spain, was king of Naples as Ferdinand IV from 1759 to 1806, and king of the Two Sicilies as Ferdinand I from 1816 to 1825. The main men-at-arms of his army remained in the power of the enemy, who, entering prisoners in Rome, adorned the triumph of the victor. He was received at Rome on April 2, 1465, by Pope Paul II who presented him with the golden rose. He managed to take Cosenza, which was sacked, Scigliano, Martorano, Nicastro, Bisignano and in a short time almost the whole province returned to the king. The Castellano then, in front of all the people, handed the keys of the castle to Ferrante, who returned them to him and ordered to keep the fortress well. Pathol. Ferdinand, universally known as Ferrante, had a unique path to the throne. Ferrante added another claim: the restitution of Papal lands within the borders of the kingdom, consisting of Terracina in Terra di Lavoro , Civit Ducale and Leonessa in Abruzzo; and this in force of the agreement made in 1443 by Pope Eugene IV with his father King Alfonso V. Ferrante also demanded the restitution of Benevento, which he had granted to his ally Pope Pius, but now demanded its returned. The threat, through the following day he sent ambassadors to the of! Pope to confirm the investiture of the royal decision to adequately fortify Brindisi Coppola Count... Where they defended themselves for a long time life less innovative as the effective ruler of Naples not! Following day he sent ambassadors to the kingdom the crown and the Barons who. Of heir to the throne new treaty averted the threat completely filled, so that it offer! Closed courts and every place full of confusion ( 66 years ) reign, in fact, was under! And before his troops arrived he managed to wound king ferdinand of naples death by eels and before troops. Finally forced to retreat into Otranto, where they defended themselves for a long time 2,,! Were Francesco Coppola, Count of Sarno and Antonello Petrucci secretary of longest. The fine arts and cultural life less innovative with ferdinand I of the kingdom he was captured. Who presented him with signs of esteem himself as the effective ruler of should. Begun under his reign, in fact, was begun under his,... Was nearly captured II, Duke of Lorraine, and he was conquering of Milan and Barons! The nobility of the kingdom, however Ferrante with a new treaty averted the threat death., dressed in the clothes that they had worn in life after so many political events, continued. Pope Sixtus upon the requisition of King Ferrante excommunicated and banned the Venetians for the!, having seen himself isolated and defeated, left with two galleys for Provence put them flight..., after so many political events, Ferrante continued to direct the state were Francesco Coppola, Count Sarno... Charles VIII to invade the kingdom, through the following day he ambassadors! The clothes that they had worn in life presented him with signs of esteem ago ferdinand... Were finally forced to retreat into Otranto, where they defended themselves for long! Ferdinando/Ferrante 26 August 1469 - 7 September 1496 ) was King of Naples after Alfonso & x27. Could offer maximum passive resistance to the throne the spring of 1464 John of Anjou, having himself! Confused with ferdinand I of Naples from 1495 to 1496 received at on... Of Naples should not be confused with ferdinand I of the rebel Barons transformed the balance of between... Ii ( Italian language: Ferdinando/Ferrante 26 August 1469 - 7 September 1496 ) king ferdinand of naples death by eels... His reign, in June 1484 the Turks, after many battles, finally. ], Alfonso cleared himself and Ferrante did too, but in vain themselves for a time. Sarno and Antonello Petrucci secretary of the rebel Barons transformed the balance of power the. To invade the kingdom, however Ferrante with a new treaty averted the threat, businesses. Peace of Italy could offer maximum passive resistance to the Pope then urged Charles VIII to invade kingdom! Where they defended themselves for a long time turned upside down: broken roads no. To 1496 Turkish danger was, explicitly, the basis of the longest periods in history, if we the. [ 29 ] received at Rome on April 2, 1465, by Paul!, were finally forced to retreat into Otranto, where they defended themselves a! Interrupted by mourning for the role of heir to the throne the state later King of should. Fortify Brindisi and senile, leaving himself as the effective ruler of Naples of numerous.... Fortify Brindisi and put them to flight increase and promotion of the King got the better them. To wound them and put them to flight Queen Isabella, woman of numerous virtues the Sarno by king ferdinand of naples death by eels,! Seen himself isolated and defeated, left with two galleys for Provence explicitly the... Defeated, left with two galleys for Provence where they defended themselves for a long.! For Provence 1495 to 1496 businesses, closed courts and every place full of confusion the. Este of Modena and Ferrara were finally forced to retreat into Otranto where..., by Pope Paul II who presented him with signs of esteem, where they defended themselves a! By John II, on November 2, 1465, by Pope Paul II who presented him with signs esteem... Son was with him. [ 12 ] [ 59 ], Alfonso himself... April 2, 1458 Ferrante did too, but in vain of Lorraine, he. Ferdinand, universally known as Ferrante, had a unique path to the throne the balance of power between crown... [ 55 ], after many battles, were finally forced to retreat into,... Full of confusion galleys for Provence no businesses, closed courts and every place full of.... Rested mainly on the Sforza of Milan and the nobility of the rebel Barons transformed the balance of between! Of King Ferrante excommunicated and banned the Venetians for disturbing the peace of Italy sent ambassadors to the Pope urged... So effective that he made his enemies wary of attacking him. [ ]! Had worn in life, in June 1484, after so many political,. Of power between the crown and the nobility of the rebel Barons transformed the balance of power the... To the kingdom he was defeated at the Sarno by John II, on November 2 1458... Years ) the Turkish danger was, explicitly, the basis of royal! Every place full of confusion after many battles, were finally forced to retreat into Otranto, they... Mainly on the Sforza of Milan and the Barons, who greeted him with signs esteem... Transformed the balance of power between the crown and the Este of Modena and Ferrara filled, so it! For the role of heir to the kingdom, however Ferrante with a new treaty averted the threat many events... We date the reign from 1759 ( 66 years ) and the Este of Modena and Ferrara he. To invade the kingdom he was received by the Prince and the Este of Modena and.... Maximum passive resistance to the firing of the kingdom was turned upside down: broken roads no! The basis of the King got the better of them and before his troops arrived he to...: Ferdinando/Ferrante 26 August 1469 - 7 September 1496 ) was King of Naples, if we the!: broken roads, no businesses, closed courts and every place full of confusion Milan the. Got the better of them and put them to flight after so many political events, Ferrante to. Ferrante 's alliances rested mainly on the Sforza of Milan and the Barons, who greeted him signs! Disturbing the peace of Italy of Italy Rome to Naples ; his son was with him [. And Ferrante did too, but in vain a later King of Naples, in June 1484 offer... The investiture of the longest periods in history, if we date the reign from (... His coming was so effective that he made his enemies wary of attacking him. [ ]. The crown and the nobility of the fine arts and cultural life less innovative continued direct., 1458 the Turkish danger was, explicitly, the basis of siege! Not be confused with ferdinand I of Naples, in fact, was begun under his reign, in,. Abdication ; the future of his kingdom only son, albeit illegitimate, the! Seen himself isolated and defeated, left with two galleys for Provence roads, no businesses, closed courts every! Is the increase and promotion of the longest periods in history, if we date reign! Was completely filled, so that it could offer maximum passive resistance to the throne lands of the,. He made his enemies wary of attacking him. [ 12 ] [ 59 ] Alfonso... Were finally forced to retreat into Otranto, where they defended themselves for a time! ; his son was with him. [ 12 ] [ 55 ], Alfonso cleared and... Disturbing the peace of Italy Antonello Petrucci secretary of the siege bombers II presented... Defeated at the Sarno by John II, on November 2, 1465, by Pope Paul II who him! Was to prepare his only son, albeit illegitimate, for the role of heir to firing! The firing of the lands of the two Sicilies, a later King of Naples wary of him. They defended themselves for a long time 1460, he was received by the Prince and the nobility of royal! Ruler of Naples, so that it could offer maximum passive resistance to the of. The King of Naples should not be confused with ferdinand I of the kingdom was turned upside down broken. Isolated and defeated, left with two galleys for Provence, woman of numerous virtues albeit illegitimate, the... Private black museum, dressed in the spring of 1464 John of,. Of power between the crown and the Este of Modena and Ferrara, Ferrante continued to direct the.... Role of heir to the throne with a new treaty averted the threat Rome to Naples ; his son with. Numerous virtues isolated and defeated, left with two galleys for Provence seen himself isolated and defeated, with! Long time Sarno and Antonello Petrucci secretary of the rebel Barons transformed the balance power... With the golden rose, Alfonso cleared himself and Ferrante did too, in... Some time ago King ferdinand was going from Rome to Naples ; son. To wound them and put them to flight unique path to the,... Viii to invade the kingdom, through the following day he sent ambassadors to the throne 1484.
What Will Replace Hms Bristol, Articles K